Alterations in Calcium Ion Activity Caused by ELF and RF Electromagnetic Fields

Calcium ions play many important roles in biological systems. For example, calcium ion activity can be used as an indicator of second-messenger signal-transduction processes in cells. Intracellular stores of calcium are housed in the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and other membrane structures, and in calmodulin molecules, and are released upon triggering by signaling events that alter activities of various biochemical pathways and molecular events. Calcium ion activity also plays a role in membrane integrity and function, and is particularly critical for activity in both the central and peripheral nervous system, especially neurotransmitter release and action potential generation.